• C++文件读写结构体详解

    我们知道,一个字段是与单个项目有关的单块信息。而记录由字段组成,是关于单个项目的完整信息集。例如,一组字段可能是一个人的姓名、年龄、地址和电话号码,而所有这些与一个人有关的字段则共同组成了一个记录。

    在 C++ 中,结构体提供了一种将信息组织到字段和记录中的便捷方法。例如,下面的结构体声明可以用来创建一个包含某人信息的记录:

    const int NAME_SIZE = 51, ADDR_SIZE = 51, PHONE_SIZE = 14;
    struct Info
    {
        char name[NAME_SIZE];
        int age;
        char address1[ADDR_SIZE];
        char address2[ADDR_SIZE];
        char phone[PHONE_SIZE];
    };

    除了提供信息的组织结构之外,结构体还可以将信息打包成一个单元。例如,假设结构体变量 person 被声明如下:

    Info person;

    一旦 person 的成员(或字段)填充了信息,则可以使用 write 函数将整个变量写入一个文件中:

    file.write(reinterpret_cast<char*>(Sperson), sizeof(person));

    第一个实参是 person 变量的地址。reinterpret_cast<char*> 转换操作符是必需的,因为 write 需要第一个实参是一个指向 char 的指针。如果将除 char 之外的其他任何东西的地址传递给 write 函数,则必须使用转换操作符使它看起来像是一个指向 char 的指针。第二个实参是 sizeof 运算符,它告诉 write 有多少个字节要写入文件。

    下面的程序演示了这种技术:

    //This program demonstrates the use of a structure variable to
    //store a record of information to a file.
    #include <iostream>
    #include <fstream>
    #include <cstring>
    #include <cctype> // for toupper
    using namespace std;
    
    const int NAME_SIZE = 51, ADDR_SIZE = 51, PHONE_SIZE = 14;
    struct Info
    {
        char name[NAME_SIZE];
        int age;
        char address1[ADDR_SIZE];
        char address2[ADDR_SIZE];
        char phone[PHONE_SIZE];
    };
    
    int main()
    {
        Info person; // Store information about a person
        char response; // User response
        string input; // Used to read strings
        // Create file object and open file
        fstream people("people.dat", ios::out | ios::binary);
        if (!people)
        {
            cout << "Error opening file. Program aborting.\n";
            return 0;
        }
        // Keep getting information from user and writing it to the file in binary mode
        do {
            cout << "Enter person information:\n";
            cout << "Name: ";
            getline (cin, input);
            strcpy(person.name, input.c_str());
            cout << "Age:";
            cin >> person.age;
            cin.ignore(); // Skip over remaining newline
            cout << "Address line 1: ";
            getline(cin, input);
            strcpy(person.address1, input.c_str());
            cout << "Address line 2: ";
            getline(cin, input);
            strcpy(person.address2, input.c_str());
           
            cout << "Phone : ";
            getline(cin, input);
            strcpy(person.phone, input.c_str());
            people.write(reinterpret_cast<char *>(&person), sizeof(person));
            cout << "Do you want to enter another record? ";
            cin >> response;
            cin.ignore();
        } while (toupper(response) == 'Y');
        // Close file
        people.close ();
        return 0;
    }

    程序输出结果:

    Enter person information:
    Name: http://c.biancheng.net
    Age:5
    Address line 1: no1
    Address line 2: no2
    Phone : 123456
    Do you want to enter another record? N

    注意,由于结构可以包含混合的数据类型,所以当打开一个文件来存储它们时,应该总是使用 ios::binary 模式。

    此程序允许通过填充 person 变量的成员来创建一个文件,然后把变量写入文件。要将 C 字符串读入一个数组,则程序首先应使用 getline 函数读取字符串对象,然后使用 strcpy 将 C 字符串移动到字符数组中。下面的程序打开文件并将每个记录读入 person 变量,然后在屏幕上显示该信息:

    // This program demonstrates the use of a structure
    // variable to read a record of information from a file.
    #include <iostream>
    #include <fstream>
    using namespace std;
    
    const int NAME_SIZE = 51, ADDR_SIZE = 51, PH〇NE_SIZE = 14; struct Info {
        char name[NAME_SIZE];
        int age;
        char addressl[ADDR_SIZE];
        char address2 [ADDR_SIZE];
        char phone[PHONE_SIZE];
    };
    
    int main()
    {
        Info person; // Store person information
        char response; // User response
        // Create file object and open file for binary reading
        fstream people("people.dat", ios::in | ios:ibinary);
        if (!people)
        {
            cout << "Error opening file. Program aborting.\n";
            return 0;
        }
        // Label the output
        cout << "Here are the people in the file:\n\n";
        // Read one structure at a time and echo to screen
        people.read(reinterpret_cast<char *>(&person), sizeof (person));
        while (!people.eof())
        {
            cout << "Name: ";
            cout << person.name << endl;
            cout << "Age: ";
            cout << person.age << endl;
            cout << "Address line 1: ";
            cout << person.address1 << endl;
            cout << "Address line 2: ";
            cout << person.address2 << endl;
            cout << "Phone: ";
            cout << person.phone << endl;
            cout << "\nStrike any key to see the next record.\n";
            cin.get (response);
            people.read(reinterpret_cast<char *>(&person), sizeof(person));
        }
        cout << "That's all the information in the file!\n";
        people.close();
        return 0;
    }

    程序输出结果:

    Here are the people in the file:

    Name: http://c.biancheng.net
    Age: 5
    Address line 1: no1
    Address line 2: no2
    Phone: 123456

    Strike any key to see the next record.

    That's all the information in the file!

    注意,如果结构中包含指针,则使用本节介绍的技术将无法正确存储到磁盘。这是因为如果在程序的后续运行中将结构读入内存中,则不能保证所有程序变量都位于相同的内存位置。由于 string 类对象包含隐式指针,所以它们不能作为将要存储的结构的一部分。

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